The series is based on the webtoon Endurance Doctor by Kim Tae-poong, and its production was set to begin as early as 2024 when director Lee Myoungwoo teamed up with KT Studio Genie to adapt it.

The Korean title was originally 'Jonbeo Dakteo' (a slang phrase roughly meaning 'enduring with respect'), but by early 2026 producers renamed it to 'Doctor Seomboy' (Doctor on the Edge) after deciding the slang-based title was too vulgar for a drama with a much bigger budget than a similarly titled controversial 2018 web drama.

Lee Jae-wook was confirmed for the lead role of Do Ji-ui in March 2025, followed two months later by Shin Ye-eun as female lead Yook Ha-ri; both were officially confirmed as series leads in September 2025 when principal photography began.

The role of Do Ji-ui marks Lee Jae-wook's first time playing a doctor.

Filming primarily took place on Gajo Island (Gajodo) in Sadeung-myeon, Geoje-si, South Gyeongsang Province, chosen for its coastal scenery and fishing village setting.

On January 9, 2026, production company The Studio M publicly apologized after the Hanbit Media Labor Rights Center reported that staff had worked more than 52 hours per week, acknowledging they had not adequately considered filming intensity and staff fatigue, and pledged to adhere to a 52-hour filming week going forward.

In episode 9, director Lee Myoungwoo's previous work Boyhood was parodied in the form of a comic book within the drama.