Steins;Gate 0 is based on 5pb.'s 2015 visual novel of the same name, which unlike the original Steins;Gate game has a multiple-route, multi-ending structure. The anime reconstructs all of these branching routes into a single continuous storyline.

The anime adaptation was first announced in March 2015 alongside the original game, but was only formally revealed with a trailer and key art in July 2017 as part of the 'Steins;Gate World Line 2017-2018 Project.'

The series continues directly from a modified version of episode 23 of the original Steins;Gate anime, dubbed '23 (β),' which replaced part of the original episode with new scenes linking into the Steins;Gate 0 world line; this altered episode aired unannounced during a 2015 rerun.

The idea to insert new Steins;Gate 0-connected footage into the rerun of episode 23 reportedly started as a spontaneous idea by producer Chiyomaru Shikura, and once it was decided the new footage would make the original broadcast date, the release date of the Steins;Gate 0 game itself was changed to accommodate it.

Singer Kanako Itō composed the opening theme 'Fátima' as a lyrical continuation of 'Hacking to the Gate,' the opening theme of the original Steins;Gate anime, and deliberately wanted its fast tempo to feel exhilarating.

The ending theme of the first episode uses Kanako Itō's song 'Amadeus,' originally from the Steins;Gate 0 video game, before the series switches to 'Last Game' by Zwei and later 'World-Line' by Imai as regular endings.

In the English dub, Ashly Burch was unable to continue voicing Mayuri for the entire simulcast run due to personal reasons and time constraints, so Funimation announced in August 2018 that Megan Shipman would take over the role for the remaining episodes.

Adapting the English dub required a creative solution for a scene where a character gives a speech in English that another character live-translates into Japanese; since all characters speak English in the dub, the localization team had that character's dialogue start in Japanese before switching to English to preserve the scene's logic.

A tie-in artificial intelligence system called 'Amadeus,' featured in Steins;Gate 0, was referenced in a real academic journal published by the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence on September 1, 2018.